Stems are sometimes present and petals are dark purple or yellow. Mandragora caulescens - It is found in India, Nepal, Bhutan and parts of China (southeast Qinghai, west Sichuan, east Xizang, and north-west Yunnan).It is violet and yellow in color and strongly aromatic.
It is stemless with petals that are 2.3–2.7 cm (0.9–1.1 in) long. Mandragora turcomanica - It is found in Iran (Golestan Province) and Turkmenistan.It is greenish white, blue, and violet in color. It is virtually stemless with petals that are 1.2–6.5 cm (0.5–2.6 in) long. Mandragora officinarum - It is found in central and southern Portugal and throughout the Mediterranean area, eastwards to Syria and Jordan.Therefore, in the past, people have tied the roots to the bodies of animals and then used these animals to pull the roots from the soil. In one superstition, people who pull up this root will be condemned to hell, and the mandrake root would scream as it was pulled from the ground, killing anyone who heard it. In the past, mandrake was often made into amulets which were believed to bring good fortune or cure sterility. When taken internally in large doses, however, it is said to excite delirium and madness. It is said that King Solomon kept mandrake root in his magic ring that he used to command demons and spirits. In the ancient world mandrake was used in love magic and fertility magic and as an aphrodisiac. It was also used internally to treat melancholy, convulsions, and mania. Mandrake is itself a familiar spirit, but it also acts as a vessel for other spirits and serves as a link to other familiar spirits. In the past, juice from the finely grated root was applied externally to relieve rheumatic pains. In sufficient quantities, it induces a state of unconsciousness and was used as an anaesthetic for surgery in ancient times. Mandrake has a long history of medicinal use, although superstition has played a large part in the uses to which it has been applied. The so-called "female" and "male" mandrakes from a 1583 illustration.
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